Wednesday, February 26, 2020
Research Project Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Research Project Reflection Paper - Essay Example If one was suspected of having been an associate of witchcraft, torments were started until the victim gave up and confessed of having participated in the witch-hunts. Secondly, we learn of the staged s of witchcraft decline: the accusatory and convictions decrease stage and the conclusion of the matter. The impact of political, intellectual, social and economic factors are also looked and expounded holistically, and the way they did contribute to witchcraft decline. Therefore, the witchcraft decline is looked like a process cultivated by many factors, all brought together and brewing up the declining heat (Bever, pg. 276). On conducting the research, I faced several research limitations, especially with reference to the availability of scholarly materials. Some of the materials that I grasped to conduct were sometimes not so reliable. Reliable resources were quite limited, and it did call for me to conduct a thorough search on the primary sources in the university databases. Additionally, very few scholars have conducted research on the same topic. It was quite hard to find a consistent and reliable relationship between the research I conducted and the one that conducted by previous researchers. The research did call for analyzing primary resources on works done around 15th to 17th century. Sometimes the different scholarly articles could communicate different information at a similar topic. The bias prevalence was hence was quite a concern. Another bias is the language used in the primary sources. Having been written around 15th to 17th century, the language used was quite hard and did call for one t o take quite a lot of time analyzing the content. Many interesting topics emerged during the process of my research conduction. I would like to conduct further research on them, should a chance erupt. First, I would conduct a thorough research on Matthew Hopkins, a witch hunter in England. His career did flourish in an environment
Sunday, February 9, 2020
Detecting Circulating Tumor Cells using Flow Cytometry Essay
Detecting Circulating Tumor Cells using Flow Cytometry - Essay Example The research field was on Flow Cytometry. It aimed toà establishà a reliable method for counting Circulating Tumor Cells (CTC) using flow Cytometry. Flow Cytometry is aà methodà of enumerating and examining minute particles suspended in aà fluidà when passed through an electronic detector. The system has a disposable chip. This chip checks for cross contaminationà collectà analyzed sample and to freely measurement. CTC isà salientà biomarkers for so many cancers. There are many systems for enumeration based on either EpCAM/CD326 whichà expressà tumor cell before microscope orà RT-PCR. Protocols for this system can be applied onto other systems. Cultured cancer cells spiked into normal blood got enriched withà MACRà EpCAMà microbeads thenà labeledà with APC instead of intracellular staining of cytokeratins.à EpCAMà allows enumeration ofà intactà CTC, cellular integrityà maintenanceà and concomitantà performance. Combination ofà fineà tuned CTC and cytometric multicolor resulted into linear relationship between input and outputà cellà count from zero to hundred of cells. Anti CD45à mAbà was usedà toà giveà satisfactoryà signal/ noise ratio byà gateà exclusion of white blood cellsà signal. There is littleà influenceà on lungs cancer cell PC-9 viability. CTC is of greater importance because it provides stratification of Anti-tumor treatment and furthering characterization. Several researchers have shown that circulating Tumor cells (CTC) in peripheral blood are significant prognostic marker for cancer (1-5). Presence of circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood of patientsà has been involvedà in the Tumorà developmentà and metastasisà advancement. Response ofà therapyà and evaluation ofà diseaseà getà predictedà by change in circulating tumor cells. Several methodsà have been usedà in theà CTC-enrichmentà andà discovery, but theà standardà metho d is the FDA-approved cell search system (Veridex) (Takao, M., Takeda, K., 2011). This employs a 7.5ml of blood and involves epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAMà /CD360) (8)-conjugatedà immuno-magneticà enrichment preceded by cell imagingà processà usingà positiveà immuno-stainingà ofà cytokenins. Later negative immunostaining of leucocyte common antigen (CD45) and DNA staining withà DAPI. The overall advantage of this method is theà rapidà read out of routine measurements.à This is due to the fact thatà sizeableà information gets includedà in theà dataà and its capability of multicolor analysis.à Thisà methodà also offersà preciseà detection limit ofà pureà cells of approximately (10^-5). Related research Benjamin and Steven conducted research on flow Cytometry. They inferred that there has been progress inà immuno-magneticà andà flowà cytometry. Benjamin and Steven concluded thatà flowà cytometry and immunomagneti c can detect and characterize circulating tumor cells. Theyà inferà that flow cytometry has demonstrated prognosticà importanceà in prostate and breast cancer. In Benjaminââ¬â¢s and Steven article about ââ¬Å" circulating tumor cells in colorectal cancer â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ there are reviews regarding theà historicalà andà developmentà information aboutà identificationà and enumeration of circulating tumor cells in colorectal cancer. The presence of circulating tumor cells in patients having metastatic carcinomas getà linkedà with poor survival predictions (Tych,à Frederik,à Sjoerd,à Joost, Janà &Leon, 2011). According to their article based on research, image cytometer,à cellà tracks gotà developedà toà advanceà the enumeration of rare circulating tumor cells. Cell searchà systemà got used toà enumerateà circulating tumor cells in seven point five milliliters (7.5 Ml) ofà boldà of nine healthy controls and sixty eight patients. The resultsà were obtainedà from cell searchà systemà were analyzed again using image cytometer. Then automated categorization of eventsà was executedà by random forestà processà using
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